Transport Taxes and Decarbonization in Spain: Distributional Impacts and Compensation

The importance of energy-environmental taxation in the transition to decarbonized economies does not correspond to its actual role  due to several constraints on its application. This paper emphasizes one of the main barriers, the negative impacts on distribution and equity, and suggests alternatives to mitigate these effects. In particular, it lists a series of fiscal proposals for road transport and aviation, sources of significant emissions, defined and empirically evaluated for the specific case of Spain, with compensatory packages to reduce their regressive nature and thus support their viability in practice.